R0051/2026-03-31/Q002/SRC05

Research	R0051 — Fact-Checking Gap
Run	2026-03-31
Query	Q002
Search	S03
Result	S03-R02
Source	SRC05

Zhang et al. (2018) — Credibility Coalition's foundational annotation study

Source

Field	Value
Title	A Structured Response to Misinformation: Defining and Annotating Credibility Indicators in News Articles
Publisher	Credibility Coalition
Author(s)	Amy Zhang et al.
Date	2018
URL	https://researchgate.net/publication/324639995_A_Structured_Response_to_Misinformation_Defining_and_Annotating_Credibility_Indicators_in_News_Articles
Type	Research paper

Summary

Dimension	Rating
Reliability	High
Relevance	Medium
Bias: Missing data	Low risk
Bias: Measurement	Some concerns
Bias: Selective reporting	Low risk
Bias: Randomization	N/A — not an RCT
Bias: Protocol deviation	N/A — not an RCT
Bias: COI/Funding	Some concerns

Rationale

Dimension	Rationale
Reliability	Published research with empirical methodology — 40 articles annotated by 6 trained annotators.
Relevance	Documents the empirical validation of CCIV indicators — shows what was actually tested.
Bias flags	Small sample (40 articles, 6 annotators) limits generalizability (measurement concern). Coalition-funded research (COI concern — but disclosed).

Evidence Extracts

Evidence ID	Summary
SRC05-E01	16 indicators annotated; only 2 content indicators predicted credibility after model convergence