R0050/2026-03-31-02/Q002/SRC01

Research	R0050 — Journalism Disciplines
Run	2026-03-31-02
Query	Q002
Search	S01
Result	S01-R01
Source	SRC01

Legal standards of proof — calibrated hierarchy with empirical probability estimates

Source

Field	Value
Title	Legal Standards By The Numbers
Publisher	Judicature / Duke University
Author(s)	Academic researchers
Date	2012
URL	https://judicature.duke.edu/articles/legal-standards-by-the-numbers/
Type	Academic survey / empirical study

Summary

Dimension	Rating
Reliability	High
Relevance	High
Bias: Missing data	Low risk
Bias: Measurement	Some concerns
Bias: Selective reporting	Low risk
Bias: Randomization	N/A — not an RCT
Bias: Protocol deviation	N/A — not an RCT
Bias: COI/Funding	Low risk

Rationale

Dimension	Rationale
Reliability	Peer-reviewed academic study from Duke University, 124 judges surveyed
Relevance	Directly quantifies legal standards of proof as probability ranges — enables comparison with ICD 203
Bias flags	Measurement concern: judges' probability estimates are subjective self-reports, not observed behavior

Evidence Extracts

Evidence ID	Summary
SRC01-E01	Legal standards form a six-tier hierarchy calibrated to consequence severity with empirical probability estimates