S01¶


Research	R0050 — Journalism Disciplines
Run	2026-03-31-02
Query	Q002
Search	S01

WebSearch + WebFetch — Legal standards of proof and evidence hierarchy

Summary¶

Field	Value
Source/Database	WebSearch, WebFetch
Query terms	"legal standards of proof evidence evaluation hierarchy beyond reasonable doubt preponderance clear and convincing"
Filters	None
Results returned	10
Results selected	2
Results rejected	8

Selected Results¶

Result	Title	URL	Rationale
S01-R01	Legal Standards By The Numbers — Judicature (Duke)	https://judicature.duke.edu/articles/legal-standards-by-the-numbers/	Empirical quantification of legal standards as probability ranges
S01-R02	Understanding Legal Standards of Proof — Nolo	https://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/legal-standards-proof.html	Clear hierarchy of standards with rationale

Rejected Results¶

Result	Title	URL	Rationale
S01-R03	Various (8 results)	Various	Duplicative content, state-specific applications, or general overviews without novel information

Notes¶

The Duke Judicature study was particularly valuable as it provides empirical probability estimates from a survey of 124 judges, enabling direct comparison with ICD 203's calibrated probability scale.