S05¶


Research	R0002 — Research Standards for AI-Assisted Writing
Run	2026-03-13
Claim	C011
Search	S05

WebSearch — Journalism Principles-Based vs Methodology-Based

Summary¶

Field	Value
Source/Database	WebSearch
Queries executed	2
Results returned	20
Results selected	3
Results rejected	0

Query¶

Query 1¶

Terms: "journalism principles-based vs methodology-based OR rules-based fact-checking epistemology verification"
Filters applied: None
Results returned: 10

Query 2¶

Terms: "ICD 203 probability language likelihood scale intelligence community"
Filters applied: None
Results returned: 10

Selected Results¶

Result	Title	Rationale
S05-R01	LSE paper — contested epistemology	Academic research on journalism's epistemological status
S05-R02	Graves (2017) — contested epistemology	Seminal work on fact-checking epistemology
S05-R03	DNI.gov ICD 203	Primary source for IC calibrated uncertainty scale (comparator)

Rejected Results¶

[None — all relevant results selected.]

Notes¶

Two searches combined here. The first targeted the principles-vs-methodology question directly. The second retrieved the ICD 203 as a comparator — to verify that the IC does have calibrated uncertainty scales that journalism lacks. Graves (2017) is a key finding: describes fact-checking as having a "contested epistemology."